Manuscripts Accepted & In Press
80. Elsey, R. M., P. L. Trosclair, III, and T. C. Glenn. In Press. Nest site fidelity in American Alligators. Southeast Naturalist.
79. Glenn, T. C., J. O. French, T. J. Heincelman, K. L. Jones, and R. H. Sawyer. 2008. Evolutionary relationships among copies of feather beta () keratin genes from several avian orders. Integrative and Comparative Biology – In Press
78. Peters M. B., C. Hagen, B. Snyder, T. C. Glenn, and P. A. Gowaty. 2008. Microsatellite markers isolated from Drosophila hydei. Molecular Ecology Resources In Press.
77. Crawford, N. G., M. B. Peters, C. Hagen, T. C. Glenn, S. K. Davis, and C. M. Somers. 2008. Polymorphic microsatellite loci from Sprague's pipit (Anthus spragueii), a grassland endemic passerine bird. Molecular Ecology Resources In Press.
76. Hickman, C. R., M. B. Peters N. G. Crawford, C. Hagen, T. C. Glenn, and C. M. Somers. 2008. Development and characterization of microsatellite loci in the American white pelican (Pelecanus erythrorhynchos). Molecular Ecology Resources In Press.
75. Francl, K. E., T. C. Glenn, S. B. Castleberry, and W. M. Ford. 2008. Genetic relationships of meadow vole (Microtus pennsylvanicus) populations in central appalachian wetlands. Canadian Journal of Zoology. In Press.
In Print/Available Online
74. Glenn, J. L. W., C.-F. Chen, A. Lewandowski, C.-H. Cheng, C. M. Ramsdell, R. Bullard-Dillard, J. Chen, M. J. Dewey, and T. C. Glenn. 2008. Expressed Sequence Tags from Peromyscus testis and placenta tissue: analysis, annotation, and utility for mapping. BMC Genomics. doi:10.1186/1471-2164-9-300
73. Miles, L. G., S. L. Lance, S. R. Isberg, C. Moran, and T. C. Glenn. 2008. Cross-species amplification of microsatellites in crocodilians: assessment and applications for the future. Conservation Genetics. Available Online First. DOI 10.1007/s10592-008-9601-6
72. Miles, L. G., S. R. Isberg, C. Moran, C. Hagen, and T. C. Glenn. 2008. 253 novel polymorphic microsatellites for the saltwater crocodile (Crocodylus porosus). Conservation Genetics. Available Online First. DOI 10.1007/s10592-008-9600-7
71.Faircloth, B. C. T. M. Terhune, N. A. Schable, T. C. Glenn, W. E. Palmer, and J. P. Carroll. 2008. Ten microsaellite loci from the Northern Bobwhite (Colinus virginianus). Conservation Genetics. doi 10.1007/s10592-008-9559-4.
70. Winn, R. N., A. J. Majeske, C. H. Jagoe, M. B. Norris, M. H. Smith, and T. C. Glenn. 2008. Transgenic medaka: a new model for germ cell mutagenesis. Environmental and Molecular Mutagensis 49(3): 173-184.
69. Duffie, C., T. C. Glenn, C. Hagen, and P. Parker. 2008. Microsatellite markers isolated from the flightless cormorant (Phalacrocorax harrisi). Molecular Ecology Resources 8(3):625-627. doi: 10.1111/j.1471-8286.2007.02024.x
68. Crawford, N. G., C. Hagen, H. F. Sahli, E. A. Stacey, and T. C. Glenn. 2008. Fifteen polymorphic microsatellite DNA loci from Hawaii's Metrosideros polymorpha (Myrtaceae: Myrtales), a model species for ecology and evolution. Molecular Ecology Resources. 8(2): 308-310. doi: 10.1111/j.1471-8286.2007.01937.x
67. Crawford, N. G., J. Zaldívar-Rae, C. Hagen, N. A. Schable, E. B. Rosenblum, T. W. Reeder, J. A. Graves, and T. C. Glenn. 2008. Twelve polymorphic microsatellite DNA loci from whiptails of the genus Aspidoscelis and related cnemidophorine lizards. Molecular Ecology Resources. 8(1): 219-223. doi: 10.1111/j.1471-8286.2007.01930.x
66. Lutz-Carrillo, D. J., C. Hagen, L. A. Dueck, and T. C. Glenn. Isolation and characterization of microsatellite loci for Florida largemouth bass, 2008. Micropterus salmoides floridanus, and other micropterids. Molecular Ecology Resources 8(1): 178-184. doi: 10.1111/j.1471-8286.2007.01917.x
65. Peters, M. B., K. H. Beard, C. Hagen, E. M. O’Neill, K. E. Mock, W. C. Pitt, and T. C. Glenn. 2008. Isolation of microsatellite loci from the coqui frog, Eleutherodactylus coqui. Molecular Ecology Resources 8(1): 139-141. doi: 10.1111/j.1471-8286.2007.01899.x
64. Peters, M. B., C. Hagen, D. Trapnell, J. Hamrick, O. Rocha, P. Smouse, and T. C. Glenn. 2008. Isolation and characterization of microsatellite loci in the Guanacaste tree, Enterolobium cyclocarpum Molecular Ecology Resources 8(1): 129-131. doi: 10.1111/j.1471-8286.2007.01896.x
63. Hill, C. E., S. Tomko, C. Hagen, N. A. Schable, and T. C. Glenn. 2008. Novel microsatellite markers for the saltmarsh sharp-tailed sparrow, Ammodramus caudacutus. Molecular Ecology Resources 8(1): 113-115. doi: 10.1111/j.1471-8286.2007.01885.x
62. Crispo, E., C. Hagen, T. C. Glenn, G. Geneau, and L. J. Chapman. 2007. Isolation and characterization of tetranucleotide microsatellite markers in a mouth-brooding haplochromine cichlid fish (Pseudocrenilabrus multicolor victoriae) from Uganda. Molecular Ecology Notes 7(6): 1293-1295. doi: 10.1111/j.1471-8286.2007.01859.x
61. Tsyusko, O., T. D. Tuberville, M. B. Peters, N. Crawford, C. Hagen, S. Weller, A. Sakai, and T. C. Glenn. 2007. Microsatellite markers isolated from polyploid wood-sorrell Oxalis alpina (Oxalidaceae). Molecular Ecology Notes 7(6): 1284-1286. doi: 10.1111/j.1471-8286.2007.01856.x
60. Ruiz-Guajardo, J. C., A. Otero-Arnaiz, T. Taylor, G. Stone, T. C. Glenn, N. A. Schable, J. T. Miller, S. Preuss, and A. Schnabel. 2007. Isolation of polymorphic microsatellite markers in the sub-Saharan tree, Acacia (Senegalia) mellifera (Fabaceae: Mimosoideae). Molecular Ecology Notes 7(6): 1138-1140. doi: 10.1111/j.1471-8286.2007.01809.x
59. Fokidis, H. B., T. S. Risch, and T. C. Glenn. 2007. Reproductive and resource benefits to large female body size in a mammal with female-biased sexual size dimorphism. Animal Behavior 73:479-488.
58. Tsyusko, O., M. B. Peters, T. D. Tuberville, C. Hagen, S. M. Eppley and T. C. Glenn. 2007. Microsatellite markers isolated from saltgrass (Distichlis spicata). Molecular Ecology Notes 7:883-885. doi: 10.1111/j.1471-8286.2007.01737.x
57. Peters, M. B., J. L. Glenn, P. Svete, C. Hagen, O. V. Tsyusko, P. DeCoursey, M. Lieutenant-Gosselin, D. Garant, and T. C. Glenn. 2007. Development and characterization of microsatellite loci in the eastern chipmunk (Tamias striatus). Molecular Ecology Notes 7:877-879. doi: 10.1111/j.1471-8286.2007.01735.x
56. Tsyusko, O. V., M. B. Peters, C. Hagen, T. D. Tuberville, T. A. Mousseau, A. P. Møller and T. C. Glenn. 2007. Microsatellite markers isolated from barn swallows (Hirundo rustica). Molecular Ecology Notes 7:833-835. doi: 10.1111/j.1471-8286.2007.01719.x
55. Tsyusko, O. V., Y. Yi, D. Coughlin, D. Main, R. Podolsky, T. G. Hinton, and T. C. Glenn. 2007. Radiation-induced untargeted germline mutations in Japanese Medaka. Comparative Biochemistry & Physiology Part C 145: 103-110. [doi:10.1016/j.cbpc.2006.08.010; online 2006]
54. Stepanauskas, R., T. C. Glenn, C. H. Jagoe, R. C. Tuckfield, A. H. Lindell, C. J. King, and J V. McArthur. 2006. Coselection for microbial resistance to metals and antibiotics in freshwater mesocosms. Environmental Microbiology 8(9):1510-1514.
53. Tsyusko, O. V., M. H. Smith, T. K. Oleksyk, J. Goryanaya, and T. C. Glenn. 2006. Genetics of cattails in radioactively contaminated areas around Chornobyl. Molecular Ecology 15:2611-2625.
52. Peles, J. D., T. C. Glenn, H. A. Brant, A. K. Wall, and C. H. Jagoe. 2006. Mercury concentrations in largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides) from five South Carolina reservoirs. Water, Air, & Soil Pollution 173: 151-162.
51. Mullen, L. M., R. J. Hirschmann, K. L. Prince, T. C. Glenn, M. J. Dewey, and H. E. Hoekstra. 2006. Sixty polymorphic microsatellite markers for the oldfield mouse developed in Peromyscus polionotus and P. maniculatus. Molecular Ecology Notes 6:36-40.
50. Korfanta, N. M., D. B. McDonald, and T. C. Glenn. 2005. Burrowing owl (Athene cunicularia) population genetics: a comparison of North American forms and migratory habits. The Auk 122(2): 464-478.
49. Croshaw, D. A., N. A. Schable, M. B. Peters, and T. C. Glenn. 2005. Isolation and characterization of microsatellite DNA loci from Ambystoma salamanders. Conservation Genetics 6:473-479.
48. Tsyusko, O. V., M. H. Smith, R. R. Sharitz, and T. C. Glenn. 2005. Genetic and clonal diversity of two cattail species, Typha latifolia and T. angustifolia (Typhaceae) from Ukraine. American Journal of Botany 92(7):1161-1169.
47. Comer, C. E., J. C. Kilgo, G. J. D’Angelo, T. C. Glenn and K. V. Miller. 2005. Fine-scale genetic structure and social organization in female white-tailed deer. Journal of Wildlife Management 69:332-344.
46. Stepanauskas, R., T. C. Glenn, C. H. Jagoe, R. C. Tuckfield, A. H. Lindell, and J V. McArthur. 2005. Elevated microbial tolerance to metals and antibiotics in metal-contaminated industrial environments. Environmental Science and Technology. 39:3671-3678.
45. Faircloth, B. C., A. Reid, T. Valentine, S. H. Eo, T. M. Terhune, T. C. Glenn, W. E. Palmer, C. J. Nairn, and J. P. Carroll. 2005. Tetranucleotide, trinucleotide, and dinucleotide loci from the bobcat (Lynx rufus). Molecular Ecology Notes 5:387-389.
44. Otero-Arnaiz, A., A. Schnabel, T.C. Glenn, N.A. Schable, C. Hagen, and L. Ndong. 2005. Isolation and characterization of microsatellite markers in the East African tree, Acacia brevispica (Fabaceae: Mimosoideae). Molecular Ecology Notes 5: 366-368.
43. Sawyer, R. H., T. C. Glenn, J. O. French, and L. W. Knapp. 2005. Developing antibodies to synthetic peptides based on comparative DNA sequencing of multigene families. Methods in Enzymology 395:636-652.
42. Glenn, T. C. and N. A. Schable. 2005. Isolating microsatellite DNA loci. Methods in Enzymology 395:202-222.
41. Hauswaldt, J. S. and T. C. Glenn. 2005. Population genetics of the diamondback terrapin (Malaclemys terrapin). Molecular Ecology 14:723-732.
40. Sawyer, R. H., L Rogers, L. Washington, T. C. Glenn and L. W. Knapp. 2005. The evolutionary origin of the feather epidermis. Developmental Dynamics 232(2):256-267.
39. Weston, J. L., N. A. Schable, and T. C. Glenn. 2004. Characterization of six microsatellite primers for the gray fox (Urocyon cinereoargenteus). Molecular Ecology Notes 4:503-505.
38. Schable, N. A., B. C. Faircloth, W. E. Palmer, J. P. Carroll, L. W. Burger, L. A. Brennan, C. Hagen, and T. C. Glenn. 2004. Tetranucleotide and dinucleotide microsatellite loci from the northern bobwhite (Colinus virginianus). Molecular Ecology Notes 4:415-419.
37. Koopman, M. E., N. A. Schable, and T. C. Glenn. 2004. Development and optimization of microsatellite DNA primers for boreal owls (Aegolius funereus). Molecular Ecology Notes 4:376-378.
36. Tomasulo-Seccomandi, A. M., N. A. Schable, A. L. Bryan Jr., I. L. Brisbin Jr., S. N. Del Lama, and T. C. Glenn. 2003. Development of microsatellite DNA loci from the wood stork (Mycteria americana). Molecular Ecology Notes 3:563-566.
35. Croshaw, D. A. and T. C. Glenn. 2003. Polymorphic tetranucleotide microsatellite DNA loci from the southern dusky salamander (Desmognathus auriculatus). Molecular Ecology Notes 3:623-625.
34. Fokidis, H.B., N. A. Schable, C. Hagen, T. C. Glenn, and T. S. Risch. 2003. Characterization of microsatellite DNA loci for the southern flying squirrel (Glaucomys volans). Molecular Ecology Notes 3:616-618.
33. Tsyusko-Omeltchenko, O. V., N. A. Schable, M. H. Smith and T. C. Glenn. 2003. Microsatellite loci isolated from narrow-leaved cattail Typha angustifolia. Molecular Ecology Notes 3:535-538.
32. Croshaw, D. A. and T. C. Glenn. 2003. Seven polymorphic microsatellite DNA loci from the red-spotted newt (Notophthalmus viridescens). Molecular Ecology Notes 3:514-516.
31. Staton, J. L., B. E. Taylor, N. V. Schizas, R. Wetzer, T. C. Glenn, and B. C. Coull. 2003. Mitochondrial gene diversity of Skistodiaptomus mississippiensis in impoundments of the Upper Coastal Plain near Aiken, South Carolina, USA. Archive fur Hydrobiologie 158(2):215-231.
30. Sawyer, R. H., L. D. Washington, B. A. Salvatore, T. C. Glenn, and L. W. Knapp. 2003. Origin of avian epidermal appendages: The bristles of the wild turkey beard express feather-type keratins. Journal of Experimental Zoology (Molecular Development and Evolution) 297B:27-34.
29. Hauswaldt, J. S. and T. C. Glenn. 2003. Microsatellite DNA loci from the Diamondback terrapin (Malaclemys terrapin). Molecular Ecology Notes 3:174-176.
28. Sawyer, R. H., B. A. Salvatore, T. F. Potylicki, J. O. French, T. C. Glenn, and L. W. Knapp. 2003. Origin of feathers: Feather beta () keratins are expressed in discrete epidermal cell populations of embryonic scutate scales. Journal of Experimental Zoology (Molecular Development and Evolution) 295B:12-24.
27. Krizek, B. A., V. Prost, R. M. Joshi, T. Stoming, and T. C. Glenn. 2003. Developing transgenic Arabidopsis plants to be metal-specific bioindicators. Environmental Chemistry and Toxicology 22(1): 175–181.
26. Korfanta, N. M., N. A. Schable, and T. C. Glenn. 2002. Isolation and characterization of microsatellite DNA primers in burrowing owl (Athene cunicularia). Molecular Ecology Notes 2(4): 584-585.
25. Schable, N. A., R. U. Fischer, and T. C. Glenn. 2002. Tetranucleotide microsatellite DNA loci from the dollar sunfish (Lepomis marginatus). Molecular Ecology Notes 2(4): 509-511.
24. Davis L. M., T. C. Glenn, D. C. Strickland, L. J. Guillette, Jr., R. M. Elsey, W. E. Rhodes, H. C. Dessauer, and R. H. Sawyer. 2002. Microsatellite DNA analyses support an east-west phylogeographic split of American alligator populations. Journal of Experimental Zoology (Molecular Development and Evolution) 294(4): 352-372.
23. Glenn, T. C., J. L. Staton, A. Vu, L. M. Davis, J. R. Alvardo Bremer, W. H. Rhodes, I. L. Brisbin Jr., and R. H. Sawyer. 2002. Low mitochondrial DNA variation among American alligators and a novel non-coding region in crocodilians. Journal of Experimental Zoology (Molecular Development and Evolution) 394(4): 312-324.
22. Dessauer H. C., T. C. Glenn, and L. D. Densmore. 2002. Studies on the molecular evolution of the crocodilia: footprints in the sands of time. Journal of Experimental Zoology (Molecular Development and Evolution) 294(4): 302-311.
21. Jones, K. L., T. C. Glenn, R. C. Lacy, J. R. Pierce, N. Unruh, C. M. Mirande, and F. Chavez-Ramirez. 2002. Refining the Whooping Crane studbook by incorporating microsatellite DNA and leg banding analyses. Conservation Biology 16(3): 789-799.
20. Glenn, T. C., J. E. Thompson, B. M. Ballard, J. A. Roberson, J. O. French. 2002. Mitochondrial DNA variation and subspecific status of mid-continent gulf coast sandhill cranes. Journal of Wildlife Management 66(2): 339-348.
19. Prince, K. L, T. C. Glenn, and M. J. Dewey. 2002. Cross-species amplification among peromyscines of new microsatellite DNA loci from the oldfield mouse (Peromyscus polionotus subgriseus). Molecular Ecology Notes 2(2): 133-136.
18. Rotstein, D. S., T. R. Schoeb, L. M. Davis, T. C. Glenn, B. S. Arnold, and T. S. Gross. 2002. Detection by microsatellite analysis of early embryonic mortality in an alligator population in Florida. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 38(1): 160-165.
17. Oleksyk, T. K, S. P. Gashchak, T. C. Glenn, C. H. Jagoe, J. D. Peles, J. R. Purdue, O. V. Tsyusko, O. O. Zalissky, and M. H. Smith. 2002. Distribution of 137Cs in fish and mammal populations. Journal of Environmental Radioactivity 61(1): 55-74.
16. Brown, M. C. L., S. Guttman, and T. C. Glenn. 2001. Development and use of microsatellite DNA loci for genetic ecotoxicological studies of the fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas). Ecotoxicology 10(4): 233-238.
15. Davis, L. M., T. C. Glenn, H. C. Dessauer, R. M. Elsey, and R. H. Sawyer. 2001. Multiple paternity in the American alligator, Alligator mississipiensis. Molecular Ecology 10(4): 1011-1024.
14. Kind, J. A., R. N. Winn, M. E. T. I. Boerrigter, C. H. Jagoe, T. C. Glenn, and C. E. Dallas. 2001. Investigation of the radioadaptive response in brain and liver of pUR288 lacZ transgenic mice. Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part A, 63(3): 207-220.
13. Plague, G. R., M. Mulvey, T. C. Glenn, and J V. McArthur. 2001. Molecular genetic markers provide no evidence for reproductive isolation among retreat building phenotypes of the net-spinning caddisfly Macrostemum carolina. Molecular Ecology 10(1): 243-248.
12. Davis, L. M., T. C. Glenn, R. M. Elsey, I. L. Brisbin Jr., W. E. Rhodes, H. C. Dessauer and R. H. Sawyer. 2001. Genetic structure of six populations of American alligators: A microsatellite analysis. Pages 38-50 In Crocodilian Biology and Evolution, G. C. Grigg, F. Seebacher, and C. E. Franklin (eds.), Surrey Beatty and Sons., Australia.
11. Sawyer, R. H., T. C. Glenn, J. O. French, B. Mays, R. B. Shames, G. L. Barnes Jr., W. Rhodes and Y. Ishikawa. 2000. The expression of beta keratins in the epidermal appendages of reptiles and birds: The Beta Keratins of claws, scales and feathers. American Zoologist 40(4): 530-539.
10. Glenn, T. C., W. Stephan, and M. J. Braun. 1999. Effects of a population bottleneck on Whooping Crane mitochondrial DNA variation. Conservation Biology 13:1097-1107.
9. Winker, K., T. C. Glenn, and G. R. Graves. 1999. Dinucleotide microsatellite loci in a migratory wood warbler (Parulidae: Limnothlypis swainsonii), and amplification among other songbirds. Molecular Ecology 8(9):1553-1556.
8. Glenn, T. C., H. D. Dessauer, and M. J. Braun. 1998. Characterization of microsatellite DNA loci in American alligators. Copeia 1998(3):591-601.
7. Glenn, T. C., R. S. Ojerio, W. Stephan, and M. J. Braun. 1997. Microsatellite DNA loci for genetic studies of cranes. pages 36-45 In Proceedings of the 7th North American Crane Workshop. R. P. Urbanek and D.W. Stahlecker, eds. North American Crane Working Group, Grand Island, Nebraska. 262pp.
6. Glenn, T. C., W. Stephan, H. D. Dessauer, and M. J. Braun. 1996. Allelic diversity in alligator microsatellite loci is negatively correlated with GC content of flanking sequences and evolutionary conservation of PCR amplifiability. Molecular Biology and Evolution 13(8): 1151-1154.
5. Smith, D. R. and T. C. Glenn. 1995. Allozyme polymorphisms in Spanish honeybees (Apis mellifera iberica). Journal of Heredity 86(1):12-16.
4. Glenn, T. C. and S. J. Glenn. 1994. Rapid elution of DNA from agarose gels using polyester plug spin inserts (PEPSIs). Trends in Genetics 10(10):344.
3. Glenn, T. C., D. R. Waller and M. J. Braun. 1994. Increasing proportions of uracil in DNA substrates increases inhibition of restriction enzyme digests. BioTechniques 17(6):1086-1090.
2. Glenn, T. C. and D. R. Smith. 1993. Genetic variation and subspecific relationships of Michigan elk (Cervus elaphus). Journal of Mammalogy 74(3): 782-792.
1. Glenn, T. C. and W. R. Clark. 1990. Correlation of raccoon pelt qualities with age, sex, and physical condition. Journal of the Iowa Academy of Sciences 97(1):33-35.
Books or Journals
Andrews, R. D., N. Bock, W. Funke, T. Glenn, R. Goode, M. Long, M. O’Connor, M. Sells, and D. Sievers. 1993. Iowa fur harvester education: student manual. Iowa Department of Natural Resources, Des Moines, IA. 147pp.
Densmore, L. D. and T. C. Glenn (guest eds). 2002. Special Issue: Molecular Evolution of the Crocodylia. Journal of Experimental Zoology (Molecular and Developmental Evolution) Vol. 295, No. 4.
Other publications (not peer reviewed)
Dueck, L. A., J. A. Fowler, C. S. Hagen, and T. C. Glenn. 2005. Genetic discrimination of Spiranthes cernua species complex in South Carolina. Proceedings of the 2nd International Orchid Conservation Congress, Sarasota, Florida. Selbyana 26(1,2): 145-154.
Glenn, T. C. 2002. DNA tools and resources for crocodilian research. P211 In Proceedings of the 16th Working Meeting of the Crocodile Specialist Group of the Species Survival Commission of IUCN – The World Conservation Union, Gland, Switzerland.
Oleksyk T.K., M. H. Smith, T. C. Glenn, J. R. Purdue, C. H. Jagoe, and M. W. Smith. 2002. Radioactivity and Genetic Diversity in Populations of Apodemus flavicollis from Chornobyl, Ukraine. International Radioactivity Conference, Monaco.
Jagoe, C. H., A. J. Majeske, T. K. Oleksyk, T. C. Glenn, and M. H. Smith. Radiocesium concentrations and DNA strand breakage in two species of amphibians from the Chornobyl exclusion zone. Proceedings of the International Congress on the Radioecology and Ecotoxicology of Continental and Estuarine Environments, September, 2001, Aix en Provence, France.
Oleksyk, T., S. Gashchak, T. Glenn, C. Jagoe, J. Purdue, O. Tsyusko, O. Zalissky, and M. Smith. 2001. Distribution of 137Cs among individuals in fish and mammal populations in Chornobyl. Pp. 431-440. In: V. Glygalo and A. Nosovsky (eds.). Scientific and Technical Aspects of International Cooperation in Chornobyl. Vyscha shkola, Kyiv.
Glenn, T. C. and M. J. Braun. 1992. Toward the elimination of contamination from ancient DNA amplifications: use of 2'-Deoxyuridine-5'-triphosphate and Uracil DNA Glycosylase to eliminate carryover PCR products. Ancient DNA Newsletter. 1(2):28-31.
Glenn, T. C. 1991. Animal rights and animal welfare are not equivalent. Conservation Biology 5(4):436-437.